Molecular docking studies of gyrase inhibitors: weighing earlier screening bedrock.

For any antimicrobial assay, a standard drug is used to compare the bactericidal efficiency of the bioactive compound under screening. The standard drugs have different targets that may be intracellular or membrane located. The location of the target is believed to be determining the bioactivity of the drug depending on the drug's access to its target. Therefore, different drugs must have a different magnitude in exhibiting the biological effect. However, in most of the published literature about the screening of bioactive compounds on antimicrobial activity, generally, the standard drug is randomly chosen while comparing against the bioactive compound of interest. Further, the antimicrobial activity is inferred by comparing the randomly chosen standard drugs without knowing the physicochemical parameters of the standard drug and the test molecule. It is just like an unfair comparison of the impact of a bullet with the impact of an explosive in a combat scene. Computer-based strategies for structure-based drug discovery presents a valuable alternative to the costly and time-consuming process of random screening. The docking studies provide better insights into the binding mechanism of substrate and inhibitor at the molecular level. The evaluation of such a comparison of bioactive compounds against randomly selected standard drugs through a customized virtual screening pipeline showed 57% false positives, 18% true positive, 17% true negative, 8% false-negative results. This study directs for mandatory cheminformatics-based assessment of the bioactive compounds before choosing the standard drug to compare with. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-020-00064-9.

Effects of Habit-Breaking Appliances on Tongue Movements during Deglutition in Children with Tongue Thrust Swallowing using Ultrasonography - A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the duration and range of tongue movements in tongue thrust swallow patterns with and without habit-breaking appliances using computer-aided M-mode ultrasound images. Also to record the corresponding position of the tongue associated with normal and tongue thrust swallowing pattern using B-mode ultrasound images. METHODOLOGY: Ten patients with mature swallow pattern, ten subjects with anterior tongue thrust (ATT) and ten patients with lateral tongue thrust (LTT) swallowing habit were analyzed for the duration and range of tongue movement using two-dimensional ultrasound M-mode images before and after insertion of three habit-breaking appliances (anterior tongue crib [ATC], double oral screen [DOS] and DeLuke oral trainer [DOT]). Further, B-mode images were examined for the tongue positions in different swallow patterns with and without appliances. RESULTS: Duration and range of tongue movement for the entire swallowing phase did not show a statistically significant difference for mature, ATT and LTT. Statistical significant difference existed in the duration between ATC and DOS with DOT for ATT patient (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, a significant difference existed in the range of tongue movement between DOS and DOT in LTT patients (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Remarkable changes in the tongue position were observed postinsertion of DOT in both anterior and LTT swallow patterns where the tongue tip and anterior tongue dorsum shifted upward toward the anterior palate resembling that of a mature swallow pattern.

Physical torment: A predisposition for diffuse B-cell lymphoma.

Lymphomas of the oral cavity are rare and represent only 3%-5% of all lymphomas. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are a heterogeneous group of tumor and the most common type of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). They mostly arise from soft tissue as asymptomatic swelling and involvement of jaw bones is infrequent. We present a case of a 23-year-old patient who developed DLBCL in oral cavity region 4 months after blunt trauma. The patient lacked other physical symptoms at the time of presentation. Histopathology, bone marrow and immunohistochemistry revealed DLBCL. After chemotherapy of eight cycles, swelling was totally reduced and no relapse observed in 10 months' follow-up period. Thus, the present report represents an example of possible rapport between trauma and unresolved soft-tissue swelling which may be caused by NHLs.

A quantitative analysis of total carbohydrate content from the salivary expectorants in young children.

BACKGROUND: In this postfluoride era, the concentration of fermentable carbohydrate in saliva after food intake is important to determine the risk of developing dental caries. AIM: The aim of this study is to estimate the total carbohydrate content of salivary expectorants following consumption of commercially processed snacks. DESIGN: Thirty children aged 6-8 years were selected for estimation of total carbohydrate content of salivary expectorants using modified calorimetric anthrone-sulfuric acid-glucose reaction. The test foods analyzed were as follows: Test food A - potato chips, Test food B - glucose biscuits, Test food C - Oreo biscuits, Test food D - cake, and Test food E - cornflakes. The data obtained were analyzed using student's t-test and ANOVA. RESULTS: The difference between the mean carbohydrate values of salivary expectorants of various processed test food groups at 0 and 10 min was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.001). After 10 min interval, cornflakes were found to have highest total carbohydrate content in salivary expectorant (5.186 mg/ml). CONCLUSION: The foods with high starch content such as cornflakes and potato chips exhibited higher total carbohydrate content, thus depicting lower salivary clearance rate.

Intermediate Type of Juvenile Paget's Disease: A Rare Case in Indian Population.

Juvenile Paget's disease (JPD), a rare genetic skeletal disorder characterized by accelerated bone turnover with elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase, presents in early childhood. We report a female patient with typical features of JPD with dental finding who remained undiagnosed until 18 years of age. Scarcity of this disease in the Indian literature and need for timely diagnosis to avert progression of disease thus incited us to report this case.

Antibacterial activity, fluoride release, and physical properties of an antibiotic-modified glass ionomer cement.

PURPOSE: This study's purpose was to examine the influence of adding an antibiotic mixture to conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) on its antibacterial activity, fluoride-releasing ability, and physical properties. METHODS: An antibiotic mixture containing ciprofloxacin and metronidazole was added to GIC at concentration ratios of one percent weight antibiotic/weight total powder before mixing (w/w; Group 1) and two percent w/w (Group 2) to obtain the test groups. Conventional GIC served as the control. The antibacterial activity of the cement specimens was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei using the agar inhibition test. The fluoride release from the cement specimens was evaluated using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The physical parameters evaluated were net setting time, compressive strength, shear bond strength, and microleakage. RESULTS: Group 2 showed a significantly greater inhibition zone than Group 1 against both tested organisms, while the control did not inhibit organism growth. The addition of antibiotics at one percent and two percent to GIC enhanced its fluoride release. At two percent, however, the physical properties of GIC were adversely affected. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics at one percent weight solute/weight total solution after mixing may modestly confer an antibacterial activity to glass ionomer cement and enhance its fluoride-releasing ability. Its effects on shear bond strength and microleakage were found to be encouraging.